Biogeografi

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By: Tarsoen Waryono **)

 

Concept of Bioregional Management

There are three issues as the factors causing the disruption of the Segara Anakan Cilacap ecosystem, viewed from the affected area. Observing the DAS (water- shed management) having an influence on the downstream area (Segara Anakan), it can be described as follows:

Upstream affected area; rain fall relatively high (>2,500 mm/year); land owner status is state (forest) and society; erosion sources; inhabitant relatively scarce and low education.

Middle affected area; rain fall relatively low (<2,500 mm/ year); land owner status dominated by society; erosion and pollution sources; inhabitant relatively dese and varied education;

Downstream affeted area; eustaries and sea tide; beach/ coastel/sea area as sources of living; native and incoming inhabitant; low education level.

Disturbance on mangrove ecosystem; sedimentation; deforestation for pond purpose, low fisheries potency; inhabitant looking for other profesion (tradision

Dbecoming loss).

In view of the above description, in relation to the bioregional management there are three elements to be empowered, namely people, at the upstream, middle, downstream or Kampung Laut area); physical affected area element; and degraded ecosystem potential element.

In the bioregional management concept, in areas (A), (B), and (C) the emphasis is more on the restoration of the physical condition of the area, through green region development and people empowerment approach, as regards areas (C) and (D), the emphasis is more on the improvement of welfare quality through business improvement approach that is closely related to the development of the potential of the Segara Anakan ecosystem.

Physical Fact of Influence Area

The catchment area of Segara Anakan is + 446,000 ha based on the result of 1993 landscape image analysis. The landscape region comprises water body 25,790 ha, settlement 106,300 ha, paddy field 26,700 ha, field/garden 220,200 ha, estate 41,750 ha

*). Indonesia German Cooperation in Marine Science and Geoscience. Action Plan Meeting, March 28, 2001, Purwokerto, Indonesia

**). Marine Resources Team (Marine Science Centre University of Indonesia).

 

forest greenery 25,260 ha. The field/garden land stretch measures 220,200 ha, and 98.2% (216,236.4 ha) has the status of being owned by the people that tend to be critical land, and the remainder of 1.8% (3,963.6 ha) belongs to the government (Forestry) and are logg-over area with taungya system on planting activities. Based on the result of research at the upstream area of the Citanduy watershad managemet Citanduy (1994), the prediction of actual erosion of critical land was recorded at 540 tons/ha/year. It appears that the upstream Citanduy cahtment is one of the sedimentation (soil protrusion) sources at the Segara Anakan Cilacap.

The burden of oil pollution seems to originate from the Donan river (site of oil refinery), that more or less affect the Segara Anakan biota ecosystem. Whereas the sources of pollution of the other cahtment areas originate from Nusakambangan and the Jeruklegi River carrying lime soil sedimentation, resulting from the mining of cement raw material, that gradually is carried by the flow and accumulated at the Pankel Village, by forming soil protrusions with limestone raw material.

 

Socio-economic Condition of Affected Area

The profession of the people at the affected area is 81.2% generally farming, and most, 67.4%, constitutes Poor Villages. At the upstream and middle areas there is more tendency to rely on the dry land production with hard crops like coconut (Cocos nucifera) and sengon (Parasenanthes falcataria), whilst the secondary crop species are dominated by tree yams (Manihot esculenta) crops, and at the wetlands with paddy cultivation failure is often experienced (Sidareja, Kawunganten) because this area is frequently flooded.

The use of timber produced by cultivation that is not balanced with replanting tends to cause the high rate of erosion danger, likewise with the domination of tree yam crop that tends to drain the mineral nutritional element of the soil excessively.

 

Design of Handling Action

Based on the above-mentioned description, several aspects of the issue and action efforts may be summarized as follows:

The role of the Segara Anakan ecosystem function is disrupted as a result of loss of a portion of the vegetation cover at the affected areas (upstream, middle, and downstream) resulting form human activities, and constituting source of sedimen- tation (soil protrusions) at the Segara Anakan lagoon.

Degradation of mangrove region constituting the habitat of sea waters biota, resulting from sedimentation, fresh water flooding, uncontrolled use of sea biota, oil and lime pollution, and marsh land grabbing for ponds.

It is noted that there is indication of change of behavior of the Kampung Laut community, in connection with the environmental atmosphere, leading towards adaptation of life to change of profession from pure fisherman to farming business on soil protrusions.

The concept of bioregional management is carried out through these approaches:

community empowerment; (b) affected area development; (c) mangrove region saving; and (d) development of potential of Segara Anakan waters.

 

Strategy and Implementation

The strategy in bioregional management, for the purpose of optimum saving, conservation, and use is implemented in the form of action plan including steps as follows:

(1).On the mangrove ecosystem, there is a need for basic assessment including stabilization of data base, site conformity zoning, and preparing restoration design model, to be subsequently realized in the form of “Mangrove Region Management Detailed Design” action plan.

To ensure that the implementation of mangrove region restoration can accelerate the presence (intention) of the stakeholders, and can be evaluated or controlled, there is a need for action plan in the form of “Preparation of Guidelines” (Implementation of rehabilitation, Supervision of rehabilitation, and Design of allocation of stakeholder participation allocation);

Development of mangrove region potential, realized in the form of “Fisherman Tourism Village Development” action plan, based on fisherman village settlement, home industry [terasi, cracker, and rowing and fishing education];

Handling of the affected areas (upstream, middle, and downstream) requires land suitability and assessment of the species being developed, realized in the form of “Social Forestry Detailed Design” action plan.

Empowerment of the Kampung Laut community, so that it will continue to be a community still having the profession as fisherman blending with the Segara Anakan waters atmosphere, the realized action plan is in the form of “technical training” as tourist guide, farming mina cultivation, home industry, and mangrove rehabilitation;

On the soil protrusions, the realized action plan is in the form of “lowland tropical forest development design”, with development of the original tree species originating from Nusakambangan and Pengandaran.

 

Handling Priority Order

In the strategy determining the handling priorities, based on the vulnerability of each activity component (action plan), approach and synchronization between the GAP analysis and the GIS, it appears that this will be more effective and rational. Based on the scoring result of the approach, the handling priority order is as follows:

Restoration of the affected upstream areas, particularly where the critical land plots;

Restoration of mangrove region, based on the community orientation in the sense of focusing more on pond land plots, by applying a mangrove forest silviculture system;

Development of Eco-Tourism (Desa Nelayan Kampung Laut), including the empowerment of the Kampung Laut fisherman community;

Empowerment of soil protrusions, as low land tropical rainforest development system based on the local original vegetation.

 

Conclusion and Recommendation

The change of behavior of the Kampung Laut Segara Anakan Cilacap community towards the role of the ecosystem function, based on the historical fact, is affected by the forms of policy issued in the control period.

 

The affected area at the upstream area is one of the dominant factors causing the disruption of the Segara Anakan waters ecosystem, with the emergence of the soil protrusions.

The islands populated by the Kampung Laut community are far from one another, the disruption of the mangrove area as source of livelihood, the hindered handling by the government for fulfillment of facilities and infrastructure (food, health, education, etc.) show the characteristics of the social values that are relatively low compared to the other land communities.

Bioregional management covering the action plan instrument, strategy, and imple- mentation as well as handling priority order basically constitute an effective and rational approach in the restoration of the Segara Anakan Cilacap ecosystem, for the purpose of saving, conservation, and use, on an integrated, sustainable basis.

 

References

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Alegre., J.C, Cassel., D.K, and Makarim., M.K; 1985. Strategies for Reclamtion of Degraded Lands. Tropical Land Clearing fo Sustainable Agriculture. Isbram Proceedings No.3. Jakarta; pp 45-57.

Backer., William L., 1994. The Landscape Ecology of Large Disturbances in the Design and Management of Nature Reserves. (ed) Grumbine R. Edward; Environ-mental Policy and Biodiversity. Island Press; Washington DC Covelo, California.

Berger. John J; 1988. Enviromental Restoration. Science and Strategies for Restoring the Earth. Island Press; Washington, D.C. Covelo California. pp 214-231.

Cairns Jr., John; 1992. Disturbed Ecosystems as Opportunities for Research Restoration Ecology. (Eds) Jordan III., William R; et all. Restoration Ecology: Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge University Press. P 307-320.

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Haaan, J.H. DE,. 1931. Het een ander over de Tjilatjapsche vloebosschen. Tectona XXIV, 1931. page 39-76. Forestry Department Republic of Indonesia.

Heyne, K. 1950. Bruguiera gymnorrizha. Lamk, De nuttige Panten van Indonesia. N.V. Uitgeverij van Hoeve.s. Bandung.

Hamilton., Lawrence S; 1988. Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest. (ed) Berger., John J. Envirormental Restoration; Science and Strategies for Restoring the Earth. Island Press Washington DC. Covelo, California. P 113-122.

Hamer., W.I,. 1980. A. Soil Degradation Assessment Metodology. Soil Conservation Consultant Report.

INS/78/006., Technical Note No.7. CRS, Bogor.

Hommel., Patrick; w.f.m; 1983. Ujung Kulon Vegetation Survey. A World Wildlife Fund Report. Hunter. Jr. 1996. Fundamentals of Conservations Biology. Blackwell Science Inc. Massachusetts.

Kondolf., C. Mathias; 1988. Hydrologic and Channel Stability Consideration in Stream Habitat Restoration. (ed) Berger., John J. Envirormental Restoration; Science and Strategies for Restoring the Earth. Island Press Washington DC. Covelo, California

 

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Manan. Safei; 1976. Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS). Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor. pp 134.

Sinukaban., Naik,. 1989. Soil and Water Conservation in Transmigration Areas. Program Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. pp-101

Soerianegara, Ishemat., 1968. The causes of mortality of Bruguiera trees in the mangrove forest near Tjilatjap, Central of Java). Rimba Indonesia tahun XIII. Vol-1. Bogor.

 ., 1971. Characteristics and classification of mangrove soil of Java. Rimba Indonesia Vol. XVI. No. 3-4. Forest Research Institut, Bogor

Suprijatna., Jatna; 1997. Restorasi Ekologi dan Pembangunan Hutan Kota. Pelatihan Pengelola Hutan Kota. Dinas Kehutanan DKI Jakarta.

Vos. Claire C, and Paul Opdam; 1992. Landscape Ecology of a Stressed Enviroment. Chapmen & Hall; London, Glasgow, New York, Tokyo, Melbourne, Madras. pp 14-25

Waryono., T, 1973. Studi Permudaan Alam Bruguiera ginorrizha Lamk. Di Segara Anakan Cilacap.

Publikasi Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Jawa Barat. Bandung.

 , 1990. Laporan Perjalanan Studi Banding Kawasan Mangrove Pantura Jawa barat. Dinas Kehutanan DKI Jakarta.

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 , 2000. Laporan Perjalanan Ke Kawasan Mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap (Diskusi Panel Baruna-IV).

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 , 2000. Evaluasi Nilai Konservasi Kawasan Mangrove PT.Dipasena Lampung Utara “Work Shop” Pemberdayaan Otonomi Daerah Kota Lampung.

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THE HISTORY AND SOCIAL VALUE CHARACTERISTICS OF KAMPUNG LAUT SEGARA ANAKAN CILACAP COMMUNITY*)

 

By: Tarsoen Waryono **)

 

 

SUMMARY

The most abstract cultural value system and a tradition actuality constitute the living order level, since it contains concepts which is adhered and followed by the majority of the community members. Besides accepted as a living guidance, it also materialized in the from of regulations and/or traditional law and norms which prevail in general with in the community itself.

Various from of policy alterations seemed to become one of the influencing factors against the community’s way of thinking pattern in its connection with nature, which initially felt having sense of belonging, unity and relying on nature as living resource, presently starting to change and just desired to dominate nature as its living discourse.

This working paper is intended to follow the course of history’s facts towards social, economical and cultural characteristic value of Kampung Laut Segara Anakan Cilacap community observed from the phase order point of view closely related whit the regimen’s policy at the particular time, as a base data for rescuing and preserving of sustainable the ecosystem Segara Anakan.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Background and Objective

The cultural value system actually constitutes the level of living arrangement for community which is most abstract in tradition consisting of concepts which for the greater part is adhered by community members and being followed as a living guidance materialized as a general community’s behavior. Besides as a living guidance in public live it also realized concretely in the form of regulation and/or norms as well as traditional laws. However, on the contrary man’s work outcome such like physical goods night change community’s live as a consequence of environmental alterations. For instance from an agricultural community into an advanced industrial one, so the shape of community’s cultural values deeply rooted can change the community’s way of thinking pattern, which in turn gradually change its value system order.

The abovementioned analysis actually gives a concrete picture on the “Kampung Laut” Segara Anakan Cilacap phenomena viewed from social, economical and cultural characteristic values.

The rural areas of Kampung Laut Segara Anakan Cilacap has already existed since the year 1600 comprising of Ujunggalang, Ujunggagak and Panikel Villages (Kawunganten Sub-District/Cilacap Regency), and Pemoian Village (Kalipucang Sub- District/Ciamis Regency) and is a unitary region forming special and specific water areas surrounded by mangrove vegetation coverings.

 

*) Indonesia German Cooperation in Marine Science and Geoscience. Action Plan Meeting, March 28, 2001. Purwokerto, Indonesia;

**) Marine Study Center University of Indonesia

 

 

 

 

The position of these villages play an important role in the preservation Segara Anakan, and the existence of mangrove ecosystem quite potentially as the community’s living resource. Through traditional adherence, the community felt that they own and as though unite and relying their living requirements on natural resources either from sea waters as well as mangrove forest from one generation into the next. In addition to taking advantages from various type of fishes (gray mullet, shrimp, grouper), crab and cockle shell (loose and full-blooded), non-wooden forest products are also obtainable such as mangrove skin being used for leather and weaving tanning and palm tree leaves for roofing and walls.

The community of Kampung Laut Segara Anakan Cilacap has gradually experienced a change in their thinking pattern, which apparently tends to be resulted by the existence of policy alteration closely connected whit the Segara Anakan ecosystem preservation. The policy change is intended basically as regulating types being issued by the Dutch colonial regime and during Japanese occupation and the government of the Republic of Indonesia. The community’s way of thinking pattern alteration which at the beginning united with nature, eventually started to change in which nature is being empowered as living discourse. Based on that matter, this working paper wishes to explore the course of history towards social, economical and cultural characteristic values of Kampongs Laut Segara Anakan community, viewed from the phase order point tightly connected with the regime’s policy at that particular period. By under-standing the details and nature’s phenomena of Segara Anakan in its relation with the community’s social, economical and cultural value characteristics, henceforth it may be utilized as a basic reference to continue the process.

 

The Scope of Problems

Human being activity influence toward the nature’s ecosystem phenomena of Segara Anakan Cilacap has already persisted for several thousand years in the past, but during the last centuries the relevant influence increased dramatically. It is, therefore, extremely rational that the policy assumption of the authorities of the state starting from Dutch colonial time, Japanese occupation as well as the Indonesian Government, was one of the major factor. Degradation of assisted at Segara Anakan, gradually caused the quality decline of the mangrove region which directly affected the social-economical condition of Kampung Laut community.

The policy alteration which was adequately basic during its periodic phases, apparently began to change little the thinking pattern order of the community. The strict act of prohibiting regulation towards the mangrove region of Segara Anakan Cilacap has been determined during the Dutch colonial period/in view of the fact that it has to

 

function as support and protection to the Cilacap oceanic harbor. The community’s thinking pattern at that particular time was more inclined to unite whit nature, feeling of since of belonging and to take its advantage rationally. It was different during the Japanese occupation (1942-1945), in which exploitation of the mangrove potential was conducted on a large scale since it was their main objective. Thus the community’s thinking pattern started to change and dominates resources to fulfill his living requirements. However, after the government administration of the Republic of Indonesia (1945-1965), during the Old Order by equivocating “standing on own feet” an a basic policy pattern at the time, until the community became aware again and mangrove exploitation was totally stopped, and shifted to benefit mangrove skins in a limited manner in order to fulfill the need for leather and weaving tanning. During the administration of the New Order (1965-1997) the policy concept seemed to change compared to the previous one wherein at that very moment forestry management activities including mangrove forest went guide fast by the issue of Law No. 5 of 1967 followed by Government Regulation No. 21 of 1972 (Forestry Exploration Right and Forestry Product Exploration Right), and Government Regulation No. 12 of 1967 regarding Forestry Product Contribution. Notwithstanding that, the Kampung Laut community at the time remain firm with their stand to return uniting with nature; but newcomers appeared just to clear away the mangrove resources illegally and making use of unproductive mangrove areas as means for fishponds (tambak). Whereas at that time the mangrove areas of Segara Anakan has been determined as closed forestry areas by Perum Perhutani (Public Corporation - Indonesian Forestry Company) Unit-I Central Java. In the same period, the Forestry Service at West Java Province in its connection with forestry management, its status has been changed into Perum (Perum Perhutani Unit-III West Java). This status alteration of forestry management provides an opportunity to logging operation at upper Citanduy catchments area. Incessant forest exploitation for the fulfillment of foreign exchange targets, uncons-ciously caused effective sedimentation at the downstream side of Segara Anakan langoon.

After running until the 1980s, the Indonesian Government apparently obtained

a lot of pressure from the International World, And On Account Of That Recovery Actions Were Being Taken Through reforestation and rehabilitation as main priority in the presentation of mangrove forest natural resources at Segara Anakan Cilacap. In addition to forestry destruction pressures, at the following period (1990s), the government standard to tighten forestry management through various regulations and law, a biodiversity conservation convention has even been ratified through Law No. 5 of 1994 which basically has become a national commitment requiring support of the whole community.

Paying close attention to the alteration directed to improvement being realized in the form of signs of legislation norms presently became insignificant right after the fall of the New Order at the end of 1998. The community outside Kampung Laut be- came lustrous, cutting down mangrove forest became more and more arbitrarily, likewise illegal occupancy of brackish areas for tambak.

A phenomena of problems will arise at the time when regional autonomy started to be applied in the year 2001, degradation of Segara Anakan’s ecosystem has presently increased in the form of reduction of mangrove width in a natural manner, sedimentation, illegal embankment and forest exploitation; likewise with the behavior pattern of Kampung Laut community itself, all have changed as a consequence of

 

influences from new community members originating from outside. From the above- mentioned explanation consequently a picture can be drawn with the scope of problems as follows:

 

Paying close attention to Fig.1, one could observe that the Dutch colonial policy showed Segara Anakan’s ecosystem was classified as good, while during the Japanese occupation period the quality declined relatively ship and effective sedimentation started to occur, afterwards increase a hit, (improving) during the Old Order period and finally decrease again gradually during the New Order. However, during the 1997 crisis, after accumulation of sedimentation took place, its damaged state become fatal caused by cutting down of mangrove and illegal occupancy of brackish areas.

The presence of Regional Autonomy at Cilacap Regency, in its connec-tion with rescuing and preservation of Segara Anakan’s ecosystem, apparently has to face with three alternative choices, namely (a) restoring again Segara Anakan’s ecosystem through intact Bioregional Management concept; (b) optimize the water resources potential of Segara Anakan having a base against available natural conditions; and (c) to optimize Segara Anakan’s ecosystem at the maximum equivocating to gain regional original revenue (PAD).

 

History and Physical Facts of Segara Anakan Region

 

The History of Kampung Laut Segara Anakan

There are at least two historical versions uncovering the establishment of Kampung Laut Segara Anakan Cilacap, the first version was based on “Sangkuriang- Talun” tales and the second version on the “history of Cilacap”.

First Version: in the time of Majapahit Kingdom in 1330, there was already close relationship between (Javanese Kingdom) and the kingdom of Pasundan. Segara Anakan is sea water and border crossing of both kingdoms. A border crossing guard post has been constructed and placed at Segara Anakan water at that particular time.

 

Guards in charge of this post resided at Limusbuntu village. As the fall of Majapahit Kingdom approach, it was marked by terrifying earthquake destroying Limusbuntu villages. On the other hand, no significant damaged happened to the existing guard post at Segara Anakan waters. Residents at P. Nusakambangan were frightened, no at last evacuated and established new settlement in the from of platform houses in the surroundings of those border crossing guard posts, which until date is called “Pejagan or Kampung Laut”.

Second Version: in the time of Mataram Kingdom in 1600, soldiers (the Kingdom’s army) were assigned for a special task to guard Cilacap (natural harbor) from possibilities of Europeans (Portuguese Spanish and Dutch) coming in on their trading expedition. The soldiers of Mataram Kingdom at that time established “Pademangan” (a sort of Supreme Village Administration), by erection of settlements around the north a slopes at Limusbuntu, Kembang kuning, Lempongpucung, Klapa Kerep, Karangbaja until Nort west Batu Kelir. Demang (Head of Supreme Village) as the first leader was Wiryoyudo and further substituted by Wangsengrana, Udasana and Wirasura. When the power of the Mataram kings were ousted by the Dutch (VOC) colonial regime and Nusakambangan Island became a “prison island”, Mataram Kingdom soldiers were eventually driven out and decided to move and established new settlements at Segara Anakan waters like at Karangkobar, Motean, Panitenan, Klaces, Ciberem, Bugel, Panikel, and Muaradua. These areas were then called “Kampung Laut” and have been growing and developing into forth villages, namely Ujunggalang, Ujung-gagak, Panikel and Pamotan.

 

Physical Facts of Lagoon and Kampung Laut Segara Anakan

Segara Anakan Lagoon A. Landscape Ecology

Segara Anakan Cilacap Lagoon located at the southern coast of Java Island, protected from the Indian Ocean by Nusakambangan Island and situated at 70 30’- 7035’ coordinate South latitude and 108053’ - 10903’ East longitude. In accordance with government administration, 96% is included in the Cilacap regency area (Central Java Province) and the remaining 4% is part of the Ciamis regency area (West Java province). This region is the meeting spot of two big “DAS” (cathcment area), that is Citanduy (+ 350.000 ha), and DAS Segara Anakan (Cimeneng, Cikonde and Ujunggalang) covering an area width of + 96.000 ha.

The area width ecosystem of Segara Anakan in the year 1920 was ever recorder at + 32.000 ha and decreased in size to remain at + 28.800 ha in 1939 consisting of waters + 8.700 ha; mangrove forest + 14.100 ha, salt water swamp forest

+ 14.690 ha, and Kampung Laut settlement + 10 ha. While data information of 1999 (result of measuring process in 1997) the ecosystem width of Segara Anakan was recorded at + 23.319 ha consisting of a spread out of waters (lagoon) + 1.498 ha, mangrove forest + 8.839 ha, non-mangrove forest (salt water swamp forest) + 1.104 ha; rice fields + 5.791 ha; land raising to the surface (as a consequence of sedimentation) + 4.463 ha; aboundance area covering “warakas” vegetation + 1.469 ha, and Kampung Laut settlement + 155 ha.

Observing the abovementioned data, there was apparently a difference in the information on the width position in 1920 (32.00 ha) and in 1991 (22.319 ha) or differ (shrinking) 9.681 ha, during 71 years or at an average of 136.35 ha/ year. A basic question emerge – “in what shape does the part of the ecosystem in question changed

 

and where is its location ?” we are presenting the following data covering Segara Anakan landscape in 1991 as implied in the table hereunder:

Table -1 landscape coverage of Segara Anakan Cilacap (1991)

 

No

Landscape

Area Width (Ha)

1978

1987

1991

1.

Sea water

4.820

3.100

1.498

2.

Mangrove forest

10.975

10.695

8.839

3.

Swamp forest

1.201

1.190

1.104

4.

Raising land (sedimentation)

481

1.167

4.463

5.

Aboundance area “Warakas”

2.622

1.602

1.469

6.

Rice fields

2.045

4.378

5.453

7.

Settlements

175

179

183

 

 

Total

23.319

23.319

23.319

 

Source: PMO SaCDP (Measuring by National Land Agency (BPN, 1991).

 

Segara Anakan lagoon in 1920 was registered + 8.700 ha gradually it decreased more and more to sedimentation. In 1978 changed to + 4.820 ha and in 1986 it remain presently + 2.700 ha while according to measuring outcome in 1991 it remain presently + 1.498 ha. The average speed of sedimentation during a decade - 1971 up to 1980 has been recorded at + 6.2 million m3/year, eviking additional land space of 17 until 30 meters/year.

The decrease in size of Segara Anakan waters caused by sedimentation was followed by rising of land. In 1978 it was recorded at 481 ha, and in 1987 at 1.167 ha whereas measuring out come in 1991 showed the figure of + 4.463 ha.

 

Geology and Soil

Geology formation of Segara Anakan’s ecosystem is located on an area depression which is joining Ngawi Zone and alluvial river substances are deposited being affected by flooding. The soil type is alluvial hidromorf characterized by muddy sand which is relatively deep; its organic content is highly classified (34.4-55.8%) Phosphate (P2O5) is classified as medium (0.032 - 0.46%); Calcium (K2O) quite high (0.202 - 0.223%); Calcium (CaO) medium (0.667 - 0.863%).

 

Climate

The rainfall at Segara Anakan region is quite high around 2.553 - 3.720 mm/

year with an average of 112 rainning-day/year. The average temperature is around

27.3 - 28.4ºC; humidity is always high and range from 79 to 83%. The west is the most dominating type with an average speed of 20.4 km/hour.

 

Flora and Fauna

The mangrove vegetation coverage at Segara Anakan Cilacap in 1920 still showed its zone arrangement and distinguished into eight vegetation zones comprising: zone (a) “api-api” (Avicenia marina), as a pioneer type growing species directly in the see direction, A Officials growing at river grooves, and A. Alba tends to grow in the land direction along the river; zone (b) mangrove trees (Rhizophora spp) to be found in deeper parts and on grounds which are more and more lees flooded by salt water; zone

(c) tancang (Bruguiera spp); zone (d) nyirih (Xyllocarpus Granatum, Heritiera littoralis;

zone (e) tancang sukun (B. cylindrica) mixed with Ceriops sp. and Candellia sp; zona

(f) nipah there (Nypa fructicans) zone (g) nipah bushes zone (h) sitting “warakas”

 

(Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Accrosticium aurum) and under plants “drujon” (Acanthus ilicifolius) gradelan (Derris heterophylla), tasmakan and jerukan. Upper zone

(f) was found Kayu jaran (Lannea grandis), bidara (Soneratia alba) and kepel, while on a higher level found Fiscus sp; laban (Vitex sp) has been discovered ketapang (Terminalia sp) and waru (Hisbicus sp) on pieces of land more close to in the island one can find pulai trees (Alstonia sp) nyamplung (Colophyllum sp) wungu (Albizia procera) singkil (Prema obtusifolia), renghas (Gluta veluntino), buta-buta (Exoecaria sp) and land nipah trees (Ongkosperma filamentosa).

Wild birds being dominant are among others big shrimp king (Pelargropsis sp), small shrimp king (Alcendo sp), raven (Corvus sp) and ulung (Haliastur sp). Mammal’s type other than primate lutung/black or gray long tailed monkey (Lutra lutra), long tailed monkeys (Macaca sp), fruit-eating bats, cave bats and small type bats were also discovered.

 

Kampung Laut settlements

Profile and specific characteristics of settlements

Settlements on the Segara Anakan Cilacap were in the beginning like cluster of villages having features of platform houses. Specifically its architectural structure differs from the type of fisherman’s villages in other places in Indonesia as well as in Malaysia, Philippines and Brunei. Fisherman villages are generally located at seashores and or river-banks near an estuary situated at two ecosystem changes (land and waters). Where as Kampung Laut Segara Anakan is on sea waters between Nusakambangan island and a spread out of mangrove forest.

Looking from the building’s view position, also specific, because being anticipated with a 90 cm height from the highest high tide at kondah times. Its building architecture constitute houses like srotong; using palm tree roofing (Nypha frutican) with plaited palm tree at the outer part of the wall, made of pandan leaf (Pandanus tictorius).

During the decade in 1942 of the Japanese occupation, base camps were constructed for mangrove exploitation workers, located at riverbanks with different shapes and building sizes compared to there of Kampung Laut specific settlement.

 

Location and Natural Condition

Based on government administration region division is included in two regencies; Cilacap Regency covering three villages: Ujunggalang (9.517 ha); Ujunggagak (2.671 ha) and Panikel (2.965 ha); and Ciamis Regency (Pamotan Village) covering a width of 898.5 ha and specified as follows:

 

Ujunggalang Village

This village consist of three sub-villages: Motean, Klaces and Mangunjaya; based on its location Moten sub-village is at the northern side, while Klaces and Mangunjaya at the Southern part. In according with land utilization allocation inclusive raising lands, covering the forest (5.444 ha), settlement (542.602 ha), dry land agriculture (248.602 ha), rice fields (515.92 ha) and other width of 2.765.876 ha. In order to reach Ujunggalang village which is 5 kms from Cilacap town, one can only travel on waters using transportation facilities specially provided for that purpose (Cilacap-Kalipucang route).

 

Motor boats are still used as transportation means by the community, while clean water requirements are brought in from Nusakambangan Island (Tulangbawang Besar, Tulangbawang Kecil, Lempongpucung, Masigit Sela, Kelapa Kerep, Jongor Asu, and Gua Kleces), these places are the water sources. Lighting for housing and roads are supplied by diesel electric generators provided by the community on self-supporting basis. Health-care facilities are on hand with two Assisting Community Health Centers both at Dusun Motean and Kleces as well as special malaria posts. Education facilitation have been provided by two Primary School at Motean and Kleces and one Open Junior High School at Kleces.

 

Ujunggalak Village

This village consist of three Sub-villages: Karangyardi (in the Southern part), Cibeureum in the West part, and Ujunggagak Baru in the North; each of then located far from each other. In accordance with land utilization allocation inclusive rising lands, covering forest (1.420 ha), settlements (240 ha), dry/not irrigated fields (112 ha), rice- fields (402 ha) and other land use for various purpose inclusive embankment (fishponds) at the width of 497 ha. In order to reach Ujunggalang Village region which is

22.5 kms from Cilacap town, one can only travel on waters using water transportation facilities (Cilacap-Majingklak route) and to be continued by small boats.

Motor boats are still used as transportation means by the community, while clean water requirement are brought in from Nusakambangan Island (Masigit Sela, Kelapa Kerep, Jongor Asu, and Gun Kleces), or from waters of the Citanduy River. Lighting for housing and roads are supplied by diesel electric generators provided by the community on self-supporting basis. Health-care facilities are available through Moving Health Service centralized at Cibeureum. One Primary School in Cibeureum is provided for educational facility.

 

Panikel Village

This village consist of three sub-villages: Bugel, Muaradua, and Kalenbener; with relatively close distances to each other. In accordance with land utilization allocution inclusive rising lands, covering forest (1.975 ha), settlements (82 ha), dry land agricultur (24 ha), rice fields (789 ha) and other land used for various purposes inclusive located at distance of 20 km from Cilacap town, one can travel by road from Grugu Village or Bojong (Kawunganten).

Motor boats are still used as transportation means by the community for the sake of farming and fishermen, while travel to other places are executed by roads. Clean water requirement are brought in from Nusakambangan Island and/or from waters of Cimeneng river during rainy season. Lighting for the community houses are mostly on a large scale provided by lamps using kerosene; diesel electric generators are still very limited. Health-care facilities are not fully provided, eventhough there has been already a program for moving health service. Education facilities are considered adequate with three Primary Schools available Muaradua, Panikel and Bugel.

 

(3). Pamotan Village

This village consist of three sub-villages: Pamotan, Majingklak and Ciawitali, this region constitutes the result of the oldest sedimentation at Segara Anakan. The physical condition of this region is 50% wavy; 35% in the form of land and 15% coastal.

 

According to land utilization allocation, a large part are being used for the benefit of the community for agricultural cultivation.

Motor boats are still used as transportation means by the community for fishery purposes, whereas public interest one may use land transportation facilities, there is a road available as far as 2,5 kms. Clean water require-ments are available from wells through pumps and oven PDAM (Regional Clean Water Supply Company) has already entered into this spot. Lighting for housing and roads are supplied by diesel electric generating gets provided by self-supporting efforts of the community. In terms of health care, there are already Integrated Health Service Post and Assisting Community Health Centers available. Education facilities are available by the existing of one Primary School and one Junior High School.

 

Characteristics and Phenomena of Community Social Values

Characteristics of Social Values

Population

The population of Kampung Laut Segara Anakan in 1924 was recorded + 674 persons, rising to 1,305 persons in 1939; during the Japanese occupation it was recorded 1,680 persons, and in 1970 it showed a change to 6,499 persons, whilst in 1998 it was recorded 16,369 persons. Population distribution according to the village government includes Ujunggalang 4,908 persons (52 persons/km2); Ujunggagak 3,692 persons (173 persons/km2), Pankel 4,452 persons (150 persons/km2), and Pamotan 3,317 persons (369 persons/km2).

 

Profession and Income of Residents

During the Dutch colonial period, the Japanese occupation period, and the Old Order period, the profession of 87.5% of the population of Kampung Laut Segara Anakan was fisherman, and the profession of the rest (12.5%) was home industry and trade. Since the New Order period up to 1998 the profession as fishermen dropped to 34.5% and 47.6% the rest change profession as farmers, and the remaining 17.9% had other professions including trading and home industry.

The fish caught and other species (shrimp and crab) in the Dutch colonial period ranged around 200-250 kg/day/fisherman group or an average of 60-80 kg/day/person. The quantity marketed was 50% of 30-40 kg and the other 40% entered home industry (terasi = condiment made from pounded and fermented shrimp or small fish), cracker, and/or dried fish), whilst the remaining 10% was exchanged with the daily basic staples. In the Japanese occupation era the income dropped to 30% because the potential resources were relatively low, as a result of mangrove ecosystem disruption. From the fish and the like obtained at that time almost all entered home industry, because the production quality was relatively low. However, based on the total income per month it became tow times bigger compared to the preceding era. The marketing is close by particularly at woodcutter base camps, and money was received typically. Gradually the daily income of the fishermen dropped after exploitation was stopped on account of policy of the Republic government. The natural growth and development of mangrove vegetation during the Old Order period was felt by the fisherman because the fish production increased although the income earned was till low due to the selling price. The strategy of the people at that time was continuing to expand dried fish and terasi home industry, by shifting marketing to West Java. During the New Order period, the function of mangrove regions rated unpro-

 

ductive was partially shifted into pond regions, at the initiative of the newcomer community from outside Kampung Laut. At that time ponds started to be cultivated and developed. As a result, the fishermen of Kampung Laut also felt that the daily fish production output dropped due to the low fish potential at Segara Anakan.

In the decade of 1975, when the fishermen community reached the lowest point of their income; at the Segara Anakan region cases soil protrusion processing started emerging, also at the initiative of newcomers from outside Kampung Laut. It was then that the pattern of thought of the people initially as fishermen was then starting to change, to profession as farmers.

Change of profession from fisherman to farmer was considered quite attractive to be undertaken. The reason is understandable, besides the increasingly limited potential of the products originating from the marine environment due to the disruption of the waters ecosystem, there are also land plots (soil protrusions) available that could trigger change of profession for the people. However, simultaneous change of profession appeared not yet showing a satisfactory result. It was felt that the income of farmers was relatively lower, and must wait for a period from planting until harvesting.

Change of pattern of though of the people at Kampung Laut started taking place again towards more modern fishermen. What is meant by modern here is they started to stabilize their profession by using mangrove land, form of soil protrusions, and abundance area to be turned into ponds. There was a difference in managing ponds handled by the “pond fishermen” and by the pond from outside the region. The ponds owned by the fishermen generally observed the need for green environment and tidal canal, becoming one of the principles in the technology applied by them.

The growth and development of the pond operation at Kampung Laut started the appearance of “investors” or entrepreneurs buying ponds belonging to the indige- nous residents. The reason for the pond fishermen to release their ownership title was quite reasonable: waiting for the product although almost the same as in the prospe- rous period (Dutch colonial period) required a waiting period of 3-4 months; likewise in the case of the home industry business that was stopped on account of raw materials, whilst in fact the market demand was quite big.

The phenomena of the profession of the Kampung Laut fisherman community faded again until now they decided to revert to the traditional methods as natural fishermen. From the above description the course of change of profession of the fisherman community is as follows:

The use of soil protrusions at Kampung Laut Segara Anakan now faces the dilemma of the government in connection with Regional Autonomy. On the one hand, raising the living standard of the people and opening employment fields, but this has the tendency to increasingly threaten the mangrove region having the function as the Cilacap natural port protection. The shrinking mangrove region of Segara Anakan in turn will be a big calamity if the controlling technique is not designed. This is due to the function of the mangrove besides as natural protection (port), also functions ecologically in the hatching of several fish species that highly supports the potential of

 

fishery product in the Indonesian ocean, and constitutes sanctuary for wildlife as corridor between the Java Island mainland and the Nusakambangan Island.

It is noted that the per capita people’s income in the 1970s was recorded at Rp 80,570.-/person/year, and in 1994 it rose quite drastically to Rp 657,400.-/person /year. In terms of difference this was indeed quite big, however if corrected at the US dollar rate and standard price it seems to be one third of the per capita income in the decade of the previous years.

 

Public Health

Health basically constitutes one of the public requirements. In the basic requirement model, the health sector approach is seen from the maintenance of the environment and its communities. For example, the availability of clean water and sanitation will be influential on the disruption of disease spreading through water, and in line with immunization, there will be greater hope for the health of residents, particularly their children.

In view of the basic requirement of the four villages at Kampung Laut, it appears that the issue is quite complicated, because the existence of physical condition of the region, and the socio-cultural environment of the people. Generally the phenomena of the issue of basic health requirement is relatively the same although in each village it is actually very different.

There are two quite basic problems, namely: first, the lack of supply of medicine, and second, the unprepared condition of the local health officials to meet the health requirement of the residents. The two phenomena come up not apart from its linkage to the behavior of the people, because they have shifted from the use of traditional medicine to modern medicine. This can be exemplified thus: in the Dutch colonial period until the New Order, to overcome malaria they always used the mindi (Mellia acedarata) leaf, obtained from Nusakambangan, whilst the medicine has been replaced with Nivaquin since the New Order administration.

Based on the recorded types of disease always hitting the people of Kampung Liat, generally malaria is quite outstanding, followed with cough, skin infection, tooth cavity, and stomachache or diarrhea. Malaria, although outstanding, its existence may be said to be seasonal, likewise in the case of stomachache and diarrhea. Whereas the diseases that are relatively acute (always existing) are skin infection and cough.

The public health community is basically largely affected by four factors, namely: (a) availability of food for the people at the local level; production pattern and level (fisherman’s income), and distribution for food purposes and other requirements;

(b) household capability to meet food needs at the local level or market availability; (c) meeting household requirement in fulfilling nutrition; and (d) environment health level (clean water, sanitation, and status of nutrition for mother and child), including diseases frequently constituting epidemic. Regarding the optimum requirement of the public health community, based on the four factors referred to above it can be said that Public Health at Kampung Laut Segara Anakan shows a relatively still low condition.

 

Public Education

Meeting the basic requirement in the education sector for the people are intended generally to increase human productivity, that is usually linked to the health community. This is understandable because healthy and skilled people will have high productivity pattern.

 

Public education at Kampung Laut generally seems to be relatively low. The people with the predicate of completing Junior Secondary School were recorded at 5.7%, Primary School 23.3%, and the rest (65%) joined primary school and/or never had formal education.

Fulfillment of education at Kampung Laut in the decade of 1945, was more emphasized on the reading-writing capability, subsequently further upgraded for the purpose of public making the people intelligent since the New Order administration decade. The phenomenon of education issue at Kampung Laut (at four villages) besides the limitation of facilities and infrastructure, there is also a lack of educators that are able to adapt themselves because of the physical condition of the area. Of the two issue phenomena, it appears to be one of the factor as to why the public education community is left so far behind compared to the villages located on the mainland.

 

Public Religion and Tradition

Almost all of the residents at Kampung Laut (97%) embrace the Islam religion, and the remaining 3% embrace the Christian and other religions. Nevertheless, their cultural tradition of their belief is very strong, especially towards the myths closely linked to the South Sea. This belief is inherited from their ancestors, from generation to generation.

Sea offering taking place in the month of Suro appears to be a tradition that is never abandoned. To celebrate it the people contributed almost 60% of their income for financing the event. The belief becomes increasingly deepened because of the assumption that success and failure in the coming year largely depends on the capability of the people in celebrating the sea offering. Besides the sea offering, the belief of the people in the myths on the Nusakambangan island has also become an obligation that may not be abandoned. Giving food offering in several caves and places regarded sacred is also done routinely every Kliwon Tuesday and Kliwon Friday, because of the religious teaching given since the Majapahit and/or Mataram Kingdom.

In view of the above description, in relation to the implementation of Regional Autonomy, the development and growth of a village until it is able to be independent appears to be a challenge that is quite strategic for the Cilacap Regency government. The challenge to realize independence of villages at Kampung Laut is really not easy, therefore the question is what must be empowered. To answer this, tracing several issue aspects now becomes strategic. At least there are two issue aspects rated quite outstanding and need to be brought up, namely: (a) the issue of meeting the living requirement for the people, and (b) the issue of Kampung Laut area development.

The most serious problem is physical survival, whereby they live by largely depending on the existing and increasingly limited natural resources. Calculated in terms of calorie and protein, the villages at Kampung Laut belong to the low category. With standard calorie consumption of 2,100 and standard protein consumption of 46 (fisherman community), provisional consumption figures are obtained as follows: real calorie at Ujungalang Village (2,883) and real protein (50.32); Ujunggagak real calorie (2,350) and real protein (48.1); Panikel real calorie (1,700) and real protein (48.1); whilst Pamotan real calorie (2,384) and real protein (56.7). Of the four villages at Kampung Laut it appears that Panikel village belongs to the low category compared to the other villages, however, conversely, the real protein consumption provides quite good contribution and is above the standard fisherman protein requirement.

 

If the food requirement phenomena are linked to public health, then it is understandable that the condition of the Panikel village belongs to the lowest category, particularly with regard to cases of skin infection, dental, stomach, and malaria patients. One of the factors that is quite worrying in the poor health condition is their eating pattern that does not use enough natural cooking spices, largely depending on artificial cooking spices. This is why it has now become strategic to intensify the cultivation of spices at Kampung Laut Segara Anakan.

In connection with the development of villages at Kampung Laut, besides improvement of the basic living requirement, education, public health, and improve- ment of population facilities and infrastructure (market, transportation facilities, lighting, and clean water), it does appear that attention is called for to control the entry of people from outside.

 

Phenomena creating Independence of Kampung Laut Villages

Observing the social characteristics of the Kampung Laut community, there are efforts that must be made in order to be able to head towards independence of the villages.

The concept of people’s economy improvement approach that at present is aimed at the Kampung Laut villages is rated tending to threaten the existence of the Segara Anakan ecosystem. In the decade of the next 20 years several basic questions will be raised, namely will it be better than the previous decade, or will it be possible for the people’s complaint regarding the facilities and infrastructure to be answered, will the per capita income be increased because they have consumed far bigger natural resources, compared to the production capacity as fisherman community, will there be balance between monetation and prosperity and the natural balance, is the a mistake of the people, and/or a regional development mistake, on the ground that the govern- ment is facing Regional Autonomy.

Thus these questions are not easy to answer, and the researches that have been and will conducted also have no potential to answer them on an overall basis. It is difficult to balance the various imbalances for the various impacts that emerge, as a result of lack of regional development planning. In this connection the approach through bioregional management appears to be the alternative that is rated effective and rational to answer the above questions, the details of which will be provided in the next elucidation.

 

Conclusion and Recommendation

 

(1). The change of behavior of the Kampung Laut Segara Anakan Cilacap community towards the role of the ecosystem function, based on the historical fact, is affected by the forms of policy issued in the control period.

The islands populated by the Kampung Laut community are far from one another, the disruption of the mangrove area as source of livelihood, the hindered handling by the government for fulfillment of facilities and infrastructure (food, health, education, etc.) show the characteristics of the social values that are relatively low compared to the other land communities.

 

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ASPEK PENGEMBANGAN DESA WISATA NELAYAN KAMPUNG LAUT

SEGARA ANAKAN CILACAP *)

 

Oleh: Tarsoen Waryono **)

 

 

 

Abstrak

Mencermati atas potensi kelautan Segara Anakan Cilacap, atas pasaran seperti yang diamantkan dalam GBHN 1988, dipandang perlu untuk mengembangkan “wisata agro berbasis perairan dalam bentuk pengembangan Desa Wisata Nelayan Kampung Laut Segara Anakan . Upaya pengembangan dan peningkatan wisata agrowisata agro berbasis perairan laut, selain bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan taraf hidup masyarakat, juga memperluas kesempatan berusaha dan lapangan kerja, dengan tetap memperhatikan dan memelihara kelestarian kemampuan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan hidupnya, serta berazaskan pola kehidupan masyarakat setempat.

 

 

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

 

Latar Belakang

Arah dan tujuan wisata pengembangan parawisata di Indonesia, telah digariskan oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat RI No. 11/MPR/1988. Dalam uraiannya tersirat bahwa pembangunan kepariwisataan Indonesia dilanjutkan dan ditingkatkan melalui pengembangan dan mendayagunakan sumber dan potensi kepariwisataan nasional, menjadi kegiatan ekonomi terandalkan, sebagai sumber penerimaan devisa, memperluas dan pemerataan kesempatan berusaha, dan lapangan kerja terutama bagi masyarakat setempat, mendorong pembangunan daerah serta memperke-nalkan alam, nilai dan budaya bangsa.

Dalam pembangunan kepariwisataan tetap dijaga terpeliharanya kepribadian luhur bangsa dan kelestarian serta mutu lingkungan hidup. Dua dekade terakhir ini, pembangunan pariwisata Nusantara maupun manca negara terus meningkat, sejalan dengan berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, yang cenderung memacu berbagai kelompok wisatawan dengan keinginan yang berbeda-beda.

Keadaan tersebut akan terus berkembang dan berubah di masa-masa mendatang. Indonesia sebagai negara agraris, memiliki sumber dan potensi “Wisata Agro” yang cukup besar dan beraneka ragam, hingga dapat memenuhi harapan keinginan wisatawan yang datang ke Indonesia.

Wisata Agro pada hakekatnya merupakan andalan pendapatan (devisa) negara dari sektor non migas, Untuk itu upaya peningkatan dan penganekaragaman bentuk- bentuk obyeknya, terus ditingkatkan secara intensif dan terencana, baik secara tradisional maupun secara modern. Keanekaragaman jenis wisata agro, termasuk caracara pengelolaanya, merupakan salah satu bentuk obyek wisata yang memungkinkan untuk dikembangkan di wilayah Kabupaten Cilacap.

*) Semiloka Kelautan Menjelang Otonomi Daerah, Kerjasama Pemda Cilacap dengan Departemen Perikanan dan Kelautan; 25 Nopember 2000 di LP. Nusakambangan Kabupaten Cilacap.

**). Staf Pengajar Jurusan Geografi FMIPA dan Peneliti pada Pusat Studi Kelautan Universitas Indonesia.

 

Tumbuh berkembangnya wisata agro di Indonesia, masih terbatas pada sektor budi daya tanaman perkebunan (kelapa sawit dan coklat di Sumatra Utara, perkebunan teh di Jawa Barat dan perkebunan kopi di Kaliklatak Jawa Timur). Kunjungan tersebut masih bersifat insidentil dan terbatas pada wisatawan tertentu yang tujuannya selain untuk berwisata menikmati keadaan alam di sekitarnya yang tidak dimiliki di negaranya, juga erat kaitannya dengan penelitian dan pengembangan.

Mencermati atas pasaran wisata pada sektor pertanian, dan mengacu atas amanat GBHN Tahun 1988, dipandang perlu untuk mengembangkan “wisata agro berbasis perairan” dalam bentuk pengembangan “Desa Wisata Nelayan Kampung Laut Segara Anakan “.

Peningkatan agrowisata agro berbasis perairan laut, selain bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan taraf hidup masyarakat, juga memperluas kesempatan berusaha dan lapangan kerja, dengan tetap memperhatikan dan memelihara kelestarian kemampuan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan hidupnya, berazaskan pola kehidupan masyarakat setempat.

Atas dasar uraian di atas, untuk tujuan peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dan sumber Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD), mendudukan posisi Dinas Parawisata Kabupaten Cilacap untuk memberdayakan sumberdaya alam perairan laut, sebagai wahana rekreasi dan wisata agro perairan.

 

Tujuan dan Sasaran

Menggali potensi sumberdaya alam perairan (laut dan tawar), sebagai wahana pengembangan Desa Wisata Kampung Nelayan, pada hakekatnya merupakan maksud dan tujuan dalam paparan ini, adapun sasaran target yang hendak dicapai adalah terwujudnya “action plan” kongkit dengan arahan-arahan sumber pendanaannya yang dapat ditawarkan kepada investor yang meminatinya.

 

Pendekatan Penyusunan Action Plan

Keterpaduan perancangan model jalur wisata di Kabupaten Cilacap hendaknya dipergunakan sebagai acuan dasar dalam gagasan penyusunan action plan.

Sumberdaya alam (perairan) potensial wisata Cilacap diapit oleh tiga potensi wisata alam (darat) yaitu Gua Jati Jajar (Kebumen), wisata alam Baturaden (Puwokerto), dan Hutan Wisata Pengandaran. Ketiga obyek tersebut berupa wisata alam pasif, dimana wisatawan tidak banyak berbuat untuk ikut serta menikmati secara aktif (berbuat sesuatu, hingga kurang memperoleh kesan pengetahuan yang berarti).

Pendekatan dengan memacu peran aktif wisatawan, nampaknya merupakan alternatif terjitu.

Wisata agro perairan (desa wisata), wisatawan akan aktif untuk ikut berbuat sesuatu, dan paling tidak memperoleh pengetahuan yang cukup berarti dalam hal-hal;

Bagaimana cara mendayung (mengemudi perahu) di perairan (laut);

Bagaimana cara memancing, menjala di atas perahu, serta cara menangkap kepiting secara tradisional;

Bagaimana cara membuat kerupuk udang; ikan asin, terasi, bakar ikan sangrai (dengan pasir), pepes ikan sundut;

 

Bagaimana cara memproses air asin menjadi tawar secara tradisionil; cara mengayam pembuatan jala tradisional, dan mengenal navigasi perairan baik pada siang maupun malam hari;

Bagaimana cara membuat bibit, memelihara dan menanam mangrove, serta menelusuri alur-alur kawasan mangrove.

Keterpaduan kegiatan akan melibatkan masyarakat, dan stake holder (Pemda, LSM, Investor, Partisan dan lainnya);

Masyarakat sekitar yang merupakan modal dasar sumberdaya manusia, lebih berperan secara penuh, hingga pengelolaan secara terpadu mencakup pembagian wewenang sebagai berikut:

Nelayan dan masyarakat lainnya, adalah pemberdaya obyek desa wisata perairan, secara penuh atas dukungan dan bimbingan LSM setempat (lokal).

Bapak Angkat (stakeholder) berperan dalam pembinaan, pendanaan, pemasaran, serta pengawasannya.

(c). Pemerintah Daerah melalui Dinas Teknis (Perikanan, Kelautan dan Wisata), serta Instansi terkait lainnya, berperan aktif sebagai motivator pelaksanaan program.

 

BAB II

PROSPEK DESA WISATA NELAYAN KAMPUNG LAUT SEGARA ANAKAN

 

Potensi dan Aspek Permasalahan

Kampung laut pada tahun 1973, yang meliputi Desa-desa Ujung Galang, Ujung Gagak dan Panikel, jumlah penduduknya masing-masing 3.013 jiwa; 2.991 jiwa dan 1.803 jiwa (Waryono, 1973).

Kondisi perairan pada pasang terendah, rata-rata memiliki kedalam 1,32 meter, dengan tinggi pancang di atas air 2,18 meter (Waryono, 1973).

Acaman sedimentasi selama 26 tahun, kini menyebabkan kampung laut berubah menjadi daratan, atau rata-rata setiap tahunnya terendapkan 13,46 cm/tahun.

Selain sedimentasi, komunitas mangrove juga terdegradasi, akibat perubahan kelas genang (pasang surut) dan terganggunya habitat (zona mangrove).

Hasil penelitian Soerianegara (1968), salah satu faktor penyebab kematian cancang (Bruguiera Spp) di Segara Anakan Cilacap, cenderung disebabkan karena penggenangan air tawar yang relatif berkelanjutan (air kondah), serta sedimentasi hingga terganggunya peranan fungsi sistem perakarannya (knee roots) yang bersumber dari S. Citandui, S. Sudung, dan S. Muaradua.

Dampak langsung yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat, sulit dan semakin menjauhnya wahana penangkapan ikan, kepiting, kerang semakin sulit didapatkan, home industri (terasi, kerupuk, ebi dan ikan asin) menjadi tidak berkembang karena keterbatasan bahan baku, hingga pendidikan kawula mudanya menjadi terbatas.

Desakan kawasan mangrove semakin meningkat (perambahan untuk kayu bakar), serta sedimentasi tanah kapur yang bersumber dari kawasan bekas tambang semen, serta pelumpuran yang bersumber dari S. Citandui. Dampak negatif semakin meningkat dengan pemanfaatan lahan payau untuk

 

pertambakan; serta kurang aktifnya PERUM PERHUTANI Jawa Tengah, dalam mengamankan, melestarikan dan memberdayakan masyarakat sekitarnya.

Keterlambatan pemenuhan sarana fasilitas umum, merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab kurang pesat berkembangnya kampung laut, hingga sangat sulit untuk menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan kota Cilacap, pada era 2000.

 

Prospek Pengembangan

Kampung laut berada pada lintas perairan (asesibilitas lintas air) yang menghubungkan kota cilacap (dermaga), menuju ke Pengandaran;

Obyek yang dapat dinikmati diperjalanan adalah kawasan mangrove, dan tepian

P. Nusakambangan;

Home industri (terasi, ebi, kerupuk, ikan asin), walaupun beradaannya cukup memprihatikan, namun masih tetap bertahan; demikian halnya dengan perajutan tradisionil pembuatan jala dan jaring;

Kesungguhan Pemda Cilacap dalam mengembangkan Kampung Laut, mulai terlihat dengan dibangunnya beberapa fasilitas umum masyarakat;

 

Konsepsi Pengembangan Desa Wisata

Gagasan pengembangan Desa Wisata Nelayan Kampung Laut, ingin dipulihkan kembali seperti sedia kala; dengan memberdayakan masyarakat sebagai pelayanan wisata untuk mengenal obyek alam yang unik, secara tradisionil (perjalanan lintas air) dengan perahu; memancing, mencari kepiting, serta mengenalkan bagaimana cara merajut jala dan jaring, membuat ikan asin, kerupuk udang dan memasak ikan ala Pejagan.

Permasalahan sedimentasi, dapat diatasi dengan dua cara yaitu: (a) diangkut dan dikembalikan ke daratan, (b) dan atau dipertahankan menjadi tanah timbul yang terisolir (semacam pulau);

Pada alternatif pertama, tanah diangkut dan diarahkan ke Utara (belakang hutan mangrove), dengan jarak angkut 4-6 km;

Pada alternatif kedua; pemukiman di arahkan di sekitar daratan, berada di atas air laut, sedangkan daratan dimananfaatkan sebagai pusat-pusat kegiatan dan pasar tradisionil;

Rumah-rumah penginapan (guest house), dibuat berdekatan dengan obyek Desa Wisata (home industri) dan pusat pelatihan mendayung, restoran apung;

Sarana olah raga yang disediakan meliputi olah raga pantai (Volley berpasir), dan motor air;

Penunjang lainnya dengan memanfaatkan sumberdaya laut sebagai pembangkit tenaga listrik, termasuk telepon, internet dan fax-mill.

Secara spesifik semua bangunan beratap daun nipah dan rumah panggung.

 

Arahan action plan

Action plan disusun atas dasar feasibility studi; untuk itu perlu meng-himpun gagasan, ide, informasi serta keinginan baik masyarakat, Pemda, maupun investor yang akan membiaya seluruh bangunan dan fasilitas yang direncanakan. Feasility

 

studi apabila telah tersedia perlu disempurnakan atas dasar model ideal sesuai dengan kondisi fisik wilayahnya serta keinginan masyarakatnya.

Bagan berikut, pada dasarnya merupakan arahan penyusunan action plan pengembangan Desa Wisata Kampung Laut Secara Anakan.

 

Bagan-1. Konsepsi Pengembangan Desa Wisata

 

Dalam penyusunan action plan, penggalian potensi alam Secara Anakan dan potensi lain di sekitarnya nampaknya perlu dilakukan, termasuk budaya laut “Bajau Pejagan Cilacap” yang telah dikenal sejak jayanya kerajaan-kerajaan di Jawa seperti pemerintahan Sultan Agung, demikian halnya dengan potensi P. Nusakambangan yang erat kaitannya dengan peri kehidupan masyarakat kampung laut.

Memperhatikan bahwa Laguna Segara Anakan merupakan habitat mangrove yang kini dinilai masih lengkap berdasarkan tatanan formasi vegetasinya, upaya konservasi juga merupakan pertimbangan yang yang cukup penting. Hal ini mengingat bahwa kawasan mangrove telah diketahui oleh masyarakat Kampung Laut atas peranannya sebagai tempat pemijahan (puskesmas) bagi kehidupan biota laut; serta merupakan sumber kehidupan masyarakat sejak nenek moyang mereka.

Selain mempertahankan keberadaan, kelestarian dan potensi mangrove atas peranan fungsi jasanya, pertimbangan lain yang tidak kalah pentingnya adalah upaya pengendalian wilayah pengaruh sebagai salah di antara faktor-faktor penyebab terdegradasinya kawasan mangrove.

 

BAB III

BEBERAPA ASPEK PEMBERDAYAAN DESA WISATA

 

Aspek Kebijakan Pemerintah

Memcermati atas Intruksi Presiden No. 9, tahun 1969, tentang pengembangan Pariwisata Nasional; dan Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Pertanian dan Menteri Pariwisata, Pos dan Telekomunikasi Nomor 204/KPTS/HK.050/4/1989 dan Nomor:

 

KM.47 /PW.004/ MPPT-89, tahun 1989, tentang koordinasi pengembangan Wisata Agro, serta memaduserasikan dengan Rencana Pembangunan Strategis Pemda Cilacap tahun 2002, tampaknya mendudukan posisi strategis terhadap potensi Kampung Laut untuk dikembangkan sebagai kawasan Desa Wisata.

Potensi alam tersebut, dinilai memenuhi persyaratan baik ditinjau dari potensi alam maupun sarana penunjang yang dimilikinya. Melalui paparan ini, potensi-potensi yang ada dapat ditelusuri dan ditelaah, hingga sejauh mana kemungkinannya untuk dikembangkan sebagai kawasan Desa Wisata Perairan yang nantinya dipergunakan sebagai landasan kebijakan bagi Pemerintah dalam menetapkan langkah dalam mewujudkannya.

 

Aspek Kesinambungan Pembangunan Regional

Pembangunan berazaskan keperidian dan atau aspirasi masyarakat pada dasarnya merupakan strategi yang ingin diwujudkan. Oleh sebab itu bentuk perencanaan terpadu, terprogram, secara berkelanjutan, serta mengacu atas keselarasan dan kesinambungan pembangunan secara regional merupakan konsepsi dasar bioregional dalam manajemen peman-faatan ruang secara optimal.

Konsep kesesuaian dan keseimbangan ekosistem atas dasar letak geografi dan kondisi fisik wilayahnya, menjadi salah satu dasar dalam perencanaan secara terpadu; hal ini dimaksudkan agar keutuhan peranan fungsi bentuk-bentuk ekosistemnya dapat dipertahankan.

Kampung laut yang berada di perairan Segara Anakan, terletak di antara kawasan mangrove dan P. Nusakambangan, akan berekses yang kurang menguntungkan apabila dalam pemanfaatannya merubah ekosistem yang ada, hingga perlu pertimbangan yang cukup mendasar dalam menentukan alternatif pemulihannya, karena peranannya lebih menunjang sebagai pengendali desakan energi laut yang sering menimbulkan abrasi. Oleh sebab itu perencanaan pemanfaatan ruang hendaknya perlu dirancang secara menyeluruh berdasarkan kaidah-kaidah yang mencakup:

Mempertahankan keberadaan Kampung Laut, setelah berubah bentuk untuk dipulih kan kembali hingga peranan fungsi perairannya tidak terganggu;

Ancaman (sedimentasi) yang bersumber dari daratan, hendaknya dikendalikan berda sarkan wilayah pengelolaan DAS, karena sebagaian besar tipe hutan mangrove di Segara Anakan habitatnya lebih cenderung didominasi oleh tipe basin mangrove forest dan overwash mangrove forest;

Dalam kondisi dimana terbentuk pulau-pulau habitat (tanah timbul), sering menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab kematian total terhadap vegetasi mangrove;

Perencanaan secara terpadu dan terprogram berbasis kemasyarakatan minimal berdasarkan wilayah pengelolaan DAS (bioregional), nampaknya mutlak untuk dijadikan sebagai dasar pertimbangan dalam menetapkan Kampung Laut sebagai wahana Desa Wisata Perairan.

Mencermati pernan fungsi yang cukup strategis, pemanfaatan secara optimal kawa-san Desa Wisata, nampaknya tidak merubah tatanan konsepsi pembangunan di wilayah sekelilingnya, yang berarti pula justru menunjang dan memacu terhadap pusat-pusat kegiatan perekonomian masyarakat secara menyeluruh.

Beberapa aspek ancaman terdegradasinya kawasan mangrove di bagian Timur (Tritih), keterpaduan dalam pengelolaan perlu diwujudkan, mengingat bahwa hulu

 

kawasan ini merupakan sumber bahan baku semen yang kini dikelola oleh PT. Semen Cibinong Cilacap.

 

Aspek Peningkatan Kesejahteraan dan Sumber PAD

Pemanfaatan potensi alam secara optimal oleh masyarakat Kampung Laut belum memperlihatkan sumbangannya kepada masyarakat secara nyata walaupun Pemda Cilacap telah berupaya untuk menggalakannya.

Untuk itu gagasan pengembangan Desa Wisata, yang kini menjadi idaman baik bagi masyarakat maupun Pemda, tampaknya akan mampu dan menjamin atas peningkatan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat, serta sebagai sumber perolehan pendapatan asli daerah (PAD). Dengan demikian, terwujudnya konsepsi Desa Wisata merupakan salah bentuk pembangunan yang mampu menopang terselenggaranya Otonomi Daerah.

 

BAB IV URAIAN PENUTUP

 

Untuk meyakinkan kepada investor yang berminat, nampaknya kajian (feasibility studi) terhadap potensi fisik wilayah Kampung Laut Segara Anakan Cilacap perlu segera disusun, hingga action plan yang kongkrit segera dapat diwujudkan secara nyata, sebagai target yang diinginkan dalam paparan ini.

 

 

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Dahuri., Rokhmin; et al; 1996. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu. PT. Pradnya Paramita Jakarta.

Dinas Kehutanan DKI Jakarta; 1997. Pemantapan Data Kawasan Mangrove DKI Jakarta. Proyek Penelitian Tahun 1997/1998. 112 pp.

Hall., Colin Michael,. 1994. Tourism and Politics; Policy, Power and Place. John Wiley & Son; Chichester * New York * Brisbane * Toronto * Singapore.

Hommel., Patrick; w.f.m; 1983. Ujung Kulon Vegetation Survey. A World Wildlife Fund Report.

Morrison,. Alison; Mike Rimmington and claire Williams., 1999. Enterpreneurship in the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industries. Butterworth/Heinemann. Oxford Aucklan Boston Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi.

Nowforth., Martin and Lan Munt. 1998. Tourism and Sustainability. New tourism in the Trird World. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.

Page., Stephen J,. and Don Getz. (edt) 1997. The Business of Rural Tourism. International Perspectives. International Thomson Business Press. International Thomson Publishing Company.

Poon., Auliana,. 1998. Tourism Tecnology and Competitive Strategies. CAB International Publishing Wallingford Oxon OX 10 SDE UK.

 

Pusat studi Kelautan, Fak MIPA-UI, 2000. Strategi dan Aplikasi Pember-dayaan Sea Grand College Dalam Rangka Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Laut. Semiloka Kelautan Mei, 2000 Cilacap Jawa Tengah.

Sheldon., Pauline J; 1999. Tourism Information Tecnology. Profesor of Tourism School of Travel Industry Management University of Hawaii; USA.

Waryono., T, 1973. Studi Ekologi Permudaan Buatan Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam Di Segara Anakan Cilacap. Skripsi Sarjana Muda Akademi Ilmu Kehutanan Bogor.

 ,1998. Laporan Perjalanan Studi Banding Kawasan Mangrove Pantura Jawa Barat. Dinas Kehutanan DKI Jakarta.

 , 1998. Laporan Perjalanan Studi banding Kawasan Mangrove Pantai Timur Lampung dan Pantai Timur Kutai kalimantan Timur.

 , 2000. Laporan Semiloka Kelautan Cilacap Jawa Tengah.

 , 2000. Laporan Perjalanan Ke Kawasan Mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap (Diskusi Panel Baruna-IV).

Woodhead., Terence, 2000. Strategic Plan : Conservation of Biodiversity Segara Anakan and Nusakambangan, Cilacap.

=================================================================================

 

REKLAMASI PANTAI DITINJAU DARI SEGI EKOLOGI LANSEKAP DAN RESTORASI *)

 

Oleh: Tarsoen Waryono **)

 

 

Abstrak

Dalam konsepsinya proses-proses pemulihan komponen ekosistem formasi pantai pada dasarnya dapat dilakukan dengan melalui penerapan teknik silvikultur (sukseksi, reklamasi, rehabilitasi, enrichment planting, dan atau penghijauan), hingga perananan fungsi (tata air, arus energi, siklus hara) dan dinamika pertumbuhannya dapat berlangsung secara alamiah.

Mencermati atas degradasi kawasan pantai Teluk Penyu Kabupaten Cilacap, sebagai akibat kurang pedulinya pemrakarsa penambangan pasir besi, dalam paparan ini ingin mencoba untuk menyampaikan pendekatan yang erat kaitannya dengan reklamasi pantai ditinjau dari segi ekologi lansekap dan upaya restorasinya.

 

 

 

 

 

Latar Belakang

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

 

Realisasi penambangan pasir besi wilayah pesisir dekade (1970-1990) di Indonesia tercatat ± 54.000 ha, terluas di P. Sumatera (32%); P. Jawa (15%); P. Sulawesi (23%); dan sisanya 30% di Maluku dan Irian (Anonimous, 1992). Proyek penambangan pasir di P. Jawa, terhampar di pantai selatan Jawa, mulai dari Teluk Penyu (Cilacap), hingga Pantai Parang Tritis DI Yogjakarta.

Berbagai aktivitas manusia yang melibatkan kegiatan seperti penambangan pasir besi di wilayah pantai, dapat menyebabkan terganggu-nya peranan fungsi jasa biologis pepohonan maupun jasa hidrologisnya. Rusaknya vegetasi sebagai habitat satwa liar, hilangnya sumber plasma nutfah potensial, biodiversitas flora dan fauna, menurunnya produktifitas dan stabilitas lahan, serta terganggunya sistem tata air tanah dangkal serta meningkatnya laju limpasan air dan erosi, merupakan bentuk-bentuk akibat yang ditimbulkannya.

Menurut Morgan (1979), Primack (1993) dan Setiadi (1996), untuk mencegah dan mengurangi terganggunya peranan fungsi jasa bio-hidrologis tetumbuhan akibat aktivitas yang menyebabkan gangguan habitat dan ekosistemnya termasuk kegiatan penambangan, tindakan restorasi ekologi pada hakekatnya merupakan salah satu bentuk tindakan yang dinilai strategis sebagai upaya pemulihan.

Suprijatna (1997), menyatakan bahwa restorasi merupakan bentuk dari manajemen konservasi, sebagai upaya pengembalian habitat tertentu atau ekosistem, ke suatu kondisi semirip mungkin dengan keadaan sebelum terjadi degradasi.

Dengan demikian restorasi ekologi kawasan pantai memberikan pengertian dan gambaran atas upaya memulihkan kembali peranan fungsi ekosistem formasi pantai terhadap jasa-jasa bio-hidrologisnya.

Mercermati uraian di atas, dalam paparan ini ingin mencoba umtuk menelaah lebih jauh pentingnya proses-proses pemulihan komponen ekosistem formasi pantai akibat penggalian bahan tambang, melalui kegiatan reklamasi ditinjau dari segi lansekap ekologi dan restorasi.

*). Diskusi Penataan Ruang Wilayah Pantai dan Laut Kabupaten Cilacap, 24 Oktober 2000.

**). Staf Pengajar Jurusan Geografi FMIPA Universitas Indonesia

 

Maksud dan Tujuan

Mengidentifikasi kendala utama yang meliputi kondisi fisik, kimia dan biologi tanah, sebagai dasar acuan tahapan proses pemulihannya, pada hakekatnya merupakan maksud dan tujuan dalam paparan ini. Mencermati atas tindakan reklamasi pantai (tahapan proses dan memerlukan waktu), dalam pada itu hipotesis pemulihanya akan ditelaah lebih jauh ditinjau dari segi lansekap ekologi dan restarorasi.

 

BAB II

KONSEPSI DASAR PEMULIHAN EKOSISTEN DAN IDENTIFIKASI KENDALA UTAMA REKLAMASI PANTAI

 

Konsepsi Dasar Pemulihan Ekosistem

Dalam konsepsinya proses-proses pemulihan komponen ekosistem formasi pantai (Bradshaw, 1983 dan Alegre et all, 1985) dapat dilakukan dengan melalui penerapan teknik silvikultur (sukseksi, reklamasi, rehabilitasi, enrichment planting, dan atau penghijauan); hingga perananan fungsi (tata air, arus energi, siklus hara) dan dinamika pertumbuhannya dapat berlangsung secara alamiah. Lebih jauh dikemukakan oleh Hough (1978) pulihnya vegetasi pantai, akan dapat memicu kehadiran satwa liar yang sesuai dengan habitatnya, baik jenis penghuni sebelumnya, maupun kemungkinan hadirnya jenis baru.

Manajemen pemulihannya secara alamiah (sukseksi) pada dasarnya didukung oleh strategi habitat yang masih belum terganggu ditinjau dari peranan fungsinya, kelimpahan jenis asli yang relatif tinggi, ketersediaan seed bank, kemampuan pemencaran baik oleh bantuan air, angin, maupun binatang (Gambar-1).

 

 

 

Gambar-1. Arahan Tindakan Sukseksi

SUKSEKSI

 

 

Manajemen pemulihan suatu ekosistem melalui tindakan reklamasi, dilakukan pada kondisi habitat telah terganggu termasuk tutupan vegetasi beserta peranan fungsi jasa ekologisnya. Tindakan ini diawali dengan cara melakukan indentifikasi terhadap kendala-kendala utamanya (tanah, air dan hara mineral), guna menentukan jenis introduksi yang akan dikembangkan (Gambar-2).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REKLAMASI

 

Gambar-2. Arahan Tindakan

 

Manajemen pemulihan melalui tindakan rehabilitasi lahan, dilakukan pada kondisi habitat-habitat yang telah terganggu, akan tetapi masih ditandai oleh sisa-sisa vegetasi (terbatas jenis) yang masih mampu beradaptasi pada kondisi yang sering disebut dengan lahan kritis. Tindakan ini diawali dengan melalukan indentifikasi jenis yang mampu beradaptasi, sebagai dasar pemberdayaan dan pengembangan pemulihan lahan (Gambar-3).

 

 

REHABILITASI

 

Gambar-3. Arahan Tindakan Rehabilitasi

Manajemen pemulihan melalui perkayaan tanaman (enrichment planting), dilakukan untuk menambah dan atau memperkaya jenis sesuai dengan vegetasi aslinya. Tindakan ini dilakukan atas dasar pertimbangan kelimpahan anakan alam jenis-jenis asli, akan tetapi kemampuan sumber benih dan pemencaran yang relatif rendah, seperti pada tutupan vegetasi yang dinilai rawang dengan kerapatan rendah (Gambar-4)

 

 

 

 

 

PERKAYAAN

 

Gambar-4. Arahan Tindakan Perkayaan

 

Manajemen pemulihan melalui penghijauan, dilakukan pada kawasan- kawasan yang erat kaitannya dengan budidaya pertanian, sebagai pohon pelindung dan sumber hara mineral bagi tanaman pokok. Jenis darei keluarga legum umumnya merupakan alternatif yang direkomendasikan (Gambar-5).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gambar-5. Arahan Tindakan Penghijauan

 

Mencermati atas proses-proses kriteria tindakan pemulihan peranan fungsi lahan melalui tindakan konservasi (restorasi ekologi), seperti uraian di atas, nampaknya tahapan kegiatannya yang hendak dilakukan, didasarkan atas indentifikasi kendala utama sebagai dasar acuannya.

 

Identifikasi Kendala Utama Dalam Reklamasi Pantai

Kendala utama dalam melakukan revegetasi (reklamasi pantai), terlihat dari kondisi fisik dan kimia tanah, kondisi dan keberadaan mikrobiota tanahnya.

 

Kondisi fisik tanah

Karakteristik umum yang paling menonjol pada lahan-lahan terbuka bekas penambangan adalah lapisan tanah (top soil) hilang, hingga profil tanahnya tidak dapat dikenalui kembali. Rusaknya lapisan tanah akibat pengerukan yang tidak terkontrol, menyebabkan rusaknya struktur dan tektur tanah, hingga meningkatnya dominansi debu. Tingginya prosentase debu berakibat buruk terhadap porositas tanah dan bulk density, yang merupakan karakter tanah yang penting dalam pertumbuhan pepohonan. Terganggunya porositas tanah, menyebabkan terancamnya sistem tata air tanah, dan aerasi (peredaran udara dalam tanah), dan berpengaruh langsung terhadap perkem- bangan sistem perakaran tumbuhan.

 

Kondisi Kimia tanah

Pada profil tanah normal, lapisan tanah atas (top soil) merupakan sumber unsur-unsur hara makro dan mikro yang esensial bagi pertumbuhan tanaman, juga sebagai sumber bahan organik untuk menopang kehidupan dan aktivitas mikroba tanah potensial. Tipisnya lapisan top soil, dan bahan organik dianggap sebagai penyebab utama rendahnya tingkat kesuburan tanah, demikian halnya dengan rendahnya kadar unsur hara esensial seperti nitrogen (N), posfor (P), dan kalium (K), dan reaksi tanah masam (pH rendah), merupakan penyebab utama pada lahan-lahan pasca tambang.

 

Kondisi Mikrobiota tanah

Hilangnya lapisan tanah (top soil), termasuk bahan organik yang masih dapat dikenal, lifter (forna), serasah dan humus, sebagai sumber carbon (C), untuk menyokong kelangsungan hidup mikrobiota tanah potensial, merupakan penyebab utama tidak terjadinya proses huminifikasi. Pada kondisi lahan-lahan pasca tambang kehidupan mikrobiota tanah (bakteri Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium) atau cendawan mikroriza yang mampu melakukan proses huminifikasi menjadi tidak tersedia, hingga sangat sulit sebagai sumber unsur-unsur hara mineral bagi tumbuhan.

 

Keterbatasan Seed Bank

Keterbukaan lahan pasca tambang, akibat hilangnya top soil dan vegetasi asli bukan saja berpengaruh terhadap sifat fisik, kimia dan keberadaan mikrobiota tanah, namun juga menyebabkan hilangnya biji-biji dorman (seed bank). Fertilnya tanah ter- masuk tidak tersedianya sumber biji alami, menyebabkan sulitkan proses sukseksi, untuk itu meng-introduksi jenis tetumbuhan sesuai dengan kondisi eksis habitat merupakan alternatif yang direkomendasikan untuk tujuan pemulihan lahan-lahan pasca tambang.

 

BAB III

STRATEGI DAN APLIKASI PEMULIHAN EKOSISTEM MELALUI TINDAKAN REKLAMASI PANTAI

 

Kata “strategi” memberikan suatu pengertian tindakan yang dilakukan berdasarkan keahlian (skil), yaitu menyatukan ilmu (science) dan kemampuan (art). Kata “aplikasi” memberi makna tindakan (implementasi kegiatan) yang mampu menjamin terciptanya pemulihan ekosistem, melalui tindakan reklamasi pantai atas dasar hasil identifikasi kendala utamanya. Dalam pada itu telaah strategi dan aplikasi pemulihan ekosistem melalui tindakan reklamasi pantai, mencakup (a) arah kebijakan penanganan, (b) strategi pengelolaan dan (c) aplikasi penanganan yang secara rinci diuraikan sebagai berikut;

 

Arah Kebijakan Penanganan

Menurut Soegiarto (1976), wilayah pesisir pada hakekatnya merupakan pertemuan antara darat dan laut; kearah laut wilayah pesisir mencakup bagian-bagian yang masih terpengaruh oleh proses-proses alami seperti sedimentasi dan aliran air tawar; sedangkan kearah darat wilayah pesisir meliputi bagian daratan baik kering maupun terendam air yang masing dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut, angin laut dan kemungkinan perembesan air asin.

Wilayah pesisir kearah darat yang dipengaruhi oleh batas pasang tertinggi dan berfungsi sebagai tanggul disebut “pantai”. Dalam wilayah ini ada dua ekosistem yang berbeda yaitu (a) formasi pescapre yang dicirikan dengan bentuk pantai yang landai, dan (b) formasi baringtonia, yang dicirikan oleh bentuk-bentuk pegunungan.

Menurut Sandy (1976) pantai-pantai yang landai, dan diapit oleh dua muara sungai besar, umumnya merupakan sumber bahan galian tambang berharga seperti pasir besi di pantai Cilacap (Jawa Tengah), Parang Tritis (DI Yogjakarta), Penanjung (Jawa Barat); sedangkan pantai di sebelah timur Pelabuhan Ratu, diduga mengandung bijih emas muda.

 

Pengelolaan bahan galian tambang di Indonesia sejak dekade tahun 1970-an, berdasarkan arahan yang tertuang di dalam Perjanjian Hak Penambangan, pada setiap bentuk golongan tambang, dipersyaratkan untuk memenuhi kewajiban melakukan reklamasi dan atau penanaman kembali dengan memanfaatkan jenis-jenis asli yang ada, selambat-lambatnya dua tahun setelah pembukaan lahan tambang.

 

Strategi Pengelolaan

Agar tujuan dan sasaran kebijakan reklamasi pantai dapat direalisasikan, untuk tujuan pemulihan peranan fungsi ekosistemnya; untuk itu pendekatan penangananya mencakup langkah-langkah:

Perbaikan habitat, pada dasarnya merupakan langkah awal yang harus dilakukan, sebagai dasar acuan reklamasi lahan pasca tambang;

Penentuan jenis yang akan dikembangkan, didasarkan atas hasil kajian evaluasi kesesuaian lahan dan jenis, untuk tujuan adaptasi lingkungan habitat yang baru;

Pentingnya tindakan silvikultur secara berkelanjutan, hingga hasil akhir (target) reklamasi yang tercapai, sesuai dengan harapan pemulihan peranan fungsi formasi pantai.

 

Aplikasi Penanganan

Aplikasi penangan reklamasi pantai untuk tujuan pemulihan ekosistem formasi pantai, pada dasarnya dilakukan melalui tahapan kegiatan: (a) rekontruksi lahan dan manajemen top soil, (b) revegetasi lahan pasca tambang, (c) penerapan teknik silvikultur yang secara rinci diuraikan sebagai berikut:

Rekontruksi Lahan dan Manajemen Top Soil

Lahan-lahan pasca penambangan pasir besi di pesisir (pantai), mempunyai bentang alam yang terdegradasi dan rusak. Sebagai contoh ditemukannya bentuk- bentuk cekungan (lubang tidak teratur) bekas galian yang tidak layak untuk ditanami.

Teknik penataan lahan perlu dilakukan, tahapan kegiatan sebagai berikut;

Lubang-lubang bekas galian (parit), ditutup dengan tanah bekas galian (backfilling), yang diambil dan bersumber jauh kearah darat, atau minimal 200 meter dari pasang surut air laut tertinggi;

Diupayakan untuk tidak mengganti tanah urugan lain, yang mempunyai kandungan pasir rendah (contoh tanah lempung), mengingat peranan fungsinya sebagai tanggul pantai.

Untuk memperoleh lapisan tanah (top soil), hendaknya didatangkan dari tempat lain minimal dengan ketebalan 5-10 cm, dan dipilih pada lokasi-lokasi yang kaya dengan berbagai jenis vegetasi dasar; dengan asumsi tersedia unsur hara dan mikrobiotanya.

Apabila sulit untuk memperoleh top soil, maka pendekatan yang efektif dapat dilaku kan dalam bentuk “cemplongan”, calon lubang tanaman.

Pengerjaan penyiapan lahan secara manual, merupakan alternatif terbaik, untuk menghindarkan pemadatan tanah.

 

Revegetasi Lahan Pasca Tambang

Kendala utama revegetasi di lahan-lahan pesisir pasca tambang adalah kondisi tanah yang relatif belum mendukung dan menguntungkan bagi pertumbuhan awal tanaman seperti diuraikan di atas. Untuk itu hal-hal yang perlu dilakukan sebelum menetapkan jenis yang dipilih terlebih dahulu dilakukan hal-hal sebagai berikut:

 

Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan dan Jenis

Analisis unsur hara terkait (pH) dan KTK (Kapasitas Tukar Kation), dan unsur hara tersedia (N, P dan K);

Kondisi drainase, struktur dan tektur tanah (kapasitas poros tanah);

Rezim iklim, termasuk curah hujan dan besaran penguapan dan kelembaban; (d). Persyaratan jenis yang akan dikembangkan, atas dasar point (a); (b) dan (c);

Kriteria pada point (a), (b) dan (c); untuk selanjutnya disebut sebagai “kriteria baku lahan” tapak yang direklamasi, yang secara rinci disajikan pada tabel berikut:

 

Tabel-1. Kriteria Baku Lahan Reklamasi Pesisir Pasca Tambang

 

No.

Parameter

Kriteria Baku Lahan

S1

S2

S3

N1

N2

 

1.

Keadaan Lapangan …. (s)

Lereng (%)

Batu(%)

Elevasi m/dpl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.

Ketrersediaan Air ……. (w)

Curah hujan (mm)

Penurunan air tanah bulan kering (Ch < 75 mm/bln).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.

Kondisi Perakaran …… ( r)

Drainase

Tektur tanah

Kedalam solum tanah

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.

Unsur hara

Hara terkait(f)

KTK

PH

Hara tersedia(n)

N total (%)

P total (%)

K total (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.

Kadar racun

% garam (salinitas) …… (g)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.

Rezim iklim(t)

Temperatur (oC)

Kelembaban (%)

Penyinaran (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sumber : FAO (1976).

Keterangan : S1? apabila kondisi lahan sesuai tanpa kendala yang berarti bagi jenis tanaman yang akan dikembangkan;

S2? kondisi lahan dengan sedikit kendala yang berarti bagi jenis tanaman yang akan dikembangkan;

S3? kondisi lahan dengan kendala agak relatif berarti bagi jenis tanaman yang akan dikembangkan;

N1? kondisi lahan pada saat ini tidak sesuai kemungkinan akan sesuai dimasa mendatang

N2? kondisi lahan dengan memerlukan perlakuan khusus;

 

Suatu dugaan (hipotesis), bahwa lahan-lahan pesisir pasca tambang kriteria baku lahannya berada pada kondisi Ni dan N2; artinya bahwa perlu perlakuan khusus, sebagai tahapan kegiatan reklamasi.

 

Untuk menentukan jenis yang akan dikembangkan (kriteria point-4), baik jenis introduksi maupun jenis yang bersumnber dari formasi yang sama, juga perlu dikaji berdasarkan persyaratan tumbuh, seperti tersaji pada tebel berikut:

Tabel-2. Kriteria Persyaratan Tumbuh Jenis Reklamasi Pantai

 

 

No.

Parameter

Jenis yang akan dikembangkan

Persyaratan tumbuh yang

dikehendaki

Jenis-1

Jenis-2

Jenis-3

……

Jenis n

 

1.

Keadaan Lapangan …. (s)

Lereng (%)

Batu(%)

Elevasi m/dpl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.

Ketrersediaan Air ……. (w)

Curah hujan (mm)

Penurunan air tanah bulan kering (Ch < 75 mm/bln).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.

Kondisi Perakaran …… ( r)

Drainase

Tektur tanah

Kedalam solum tanah

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.

Unsur hara

Hara terkait(f)

KTK

PH

Hara tersedia(n)

N total (%)

P total (%)

K total (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.

Kadar racun

% garam (salinitas) …… (g)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.

Rezim iklim(t)

Temperatur (oC)

Kelembaban (%)

Penyinaran (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sumber : FAO (1976).

Keterangan : S1? Persyaratan jenis yang akan dikembangkan mampu tumbuh pada seluruh kriteria baku baku lahan (S1, S2,S3, N1 dan N2).

S2? Persyaratan jenis yang akan dikembangkan mampu tumbuh pada seluruh kriteria baku lahan (S1, S2, S3, N1, kecuali (N2).

S3? Persyaratan jenis yang akan dikembangkan mampu tumbuh pada seluruh kriteria baku lahan (S1, S2, S3, kecuali (N1 dan N2).

N1? Persyaratan jenis yang dikembangkan mampu tumbuh pada kriteria baku lahan S1, S2, dan S3;

N2? Persyaratan jenis yang dikembangkan mampu tumbuh pada kriteria baku lahan S1 dan S2.

 

 

Suatu dugaan (hipotesis), bahwa jenis-jenis yang akan dikembangkan pada wahana reklamasi pantai pasca tambang, persyaratan silvikanya adalah S1, S2, dan S3.

 

Pemberdayaan Mikroriza Dalam Revegetasi

Aplikasi cendawan mikroriza untuk membantu pertumbuhan revegetasi pada reklamasi pantai, merupakan penerapan teknik silvikukltur yang telah banyak diperdayakan hal ini mengingat bahwa:

Cendawan Mikroriza Arbuskula (CMA), mempunyai kemampuan untuk berasosiasi dengan hampir 90% jenis tanaman;

 

Jenis cendawan ini yang menginfeksi sistem perakaran tanaman inang akan memproduksi jalinan hifa secara intensif sehingga tanaman bermikroriza akan mampu meningkatkan kapasitas dalam menyerap unsur hara dan air;

Tanaman yang bermikroriza, mampu meningkatkan daya tahan tanaman terhadap serangan patogen tular tanah, dan mampu menjirat pencemaran tanah oleh logam berat; Meningkatkan resistensi tanaman terhadap kekeringan. Mampu mengefektifkan daur ulang unsur hara (nutrients cycle) dalam mempertahankan stabilitas ekosistem. Mampu mentransfer nutrisi antar akar tumbuhan, hingga merupakan alat pemersatu dalam berasosiasi (90%) antar jenis tumbuhan.

 

Penerapan Teknik Silvikultur

Silvikultur pada hakekatnya merupakan penerapan teknik dan atau bercocok tanam, atas dasar kaidah dan rambu-rambu sesuai dengan tujuannya. Dalam kegiatan reklmasi pantai pasca tambang, penerapan teknik silvikultur pada tahap awal revegetasi tampaknya menjadi menonjol urgensinya. Untuk itu hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam tahapan-tahapan proses pemulihan lahan pasca tambang mencakup:

Pertumbuhan tahap awal tanaman memerlukan air, daerah terbuka di pesisir umumnya penguapan tinggi, untuk memacu pertumbuhan tahap awal bantuan air menjadi sangat vital;

Walaupun top soil telah didatangkan dengan asumsi bahwa mikrobiota juga tersedia, maka bantuan pemupukan juga menjadi penting;

Untuk mengendalikan kelembaban tanah secara teratur, penerapan teknologi mulsa nampaknya perlu dilakukan, untuk memacu tumbuh berkembangnya mikrobiota tanah yang erat kaitannya dengan pertumbuhan awal jenis tanaman yang dibudidayakan;

Penanaman dengan jarak yang rapat, memacu untuk memebentuk ekosistem yang simultan, dalam arti bahwa tingkat kelembaban tanah akan rerlatif terjamin, walaupun telah diterapkan teknologi mulsa;

Membiarkan gulma untuk berkembang pada tahap awal sangat dimungkinkan, untuk tujuan penutupan lahan, namun demikian pengendalian dilakukan terbatas pada persaingan akar tanaman muda;

Monitoring duilakukan secara kontinyu, untuk mengetahui hal ikwal yang mungkin terjadi; baik untuk pencegahan hama dan atau penyakit tanaman.

Pemeliharaan rutin, selama jangka waktu 2-3 tahun hendaknya dirancang dan diprogramkan untuk memacu tingkat keberhasilan awal;

Melepaskan tanaman untuk dihutankan, dengan pertimbangan setelah tanaman mampu beradaptasi setelah dinilai lolos dari malapetaka kemarau panjang;

Walaupun demikian tidakan silvikultur selanjutnya tetap memacu terhadap tumbuh berkembangnya tanaman, baik melalui kegiatan pemangkasan, penjarangan dan kegiatan lainnya;

Apabila pada akhir revegetasi bentuk tanaman yang dikehendaki adalah jenis- jenis khusus, maka tindakan perkayaan perlu dilakukan setelah tanaman berumur lima tahun;

Tingkat keberhasilan reklamasi pantai, dapat dilihat setelah hutan mencapai klimak, atau sekitar 15-20 tahun, dengan jenis-jenis yang sesuai dengan kondisi sebelum kegiatan penambangan dilakukan, terciptanya peranan fungsi ekosistem

 

formasi pantai, serta hadirnya satwa penghuni baru dan atau jenis-jenis yang sebelumnya ada.

 

BAB IV

IMPLEMENTASI REKLAMASI PANTAI DITINJAU DARI SEGI LANSEKAP EKOLOGI DAN RESTORASI

 

Wilayah Pesisir dan Pantai

Wilayah pesisir dan pantai, pada hakekatnya merupakan dua bentuk ekosistem yang berbeda, yaitu ekosistem perairan laut dan ekosistem hamparan lahan daratan. Kriteria hamparan lahan di sepanjang batas perairan laut, kearah daratan untuk selanjutnya disebut “lansekap pantai”.

Secara umum hamparan lansekap pantai, dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu formasi pescapre dan formasi baringtonia. Formasi pescapre, dicirikan oleh bentuk pantai berpasir yang landai, terdiri dari tiga kelompok penutupan vegetasi yang hidup bergerombol berurutan dari tepi air laut menuju daratan (Samingan, 1972);

Kelompok jenis rerumputan dan perdu yang berhadapan langsung dengan air pasang, merliputi jenis tapak kambing (Ipomoea pescapre); dan rumput gulung (Spinifex littoreus); Ischaemum muticum, dan Euphorbia atoto;

Kelompok jenis pepohonan pandan (Pandanus tectorius), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), dan ketapang (Terminalia catatapa);

Tanaman budidaya kelapa (Cocos nucifera), jambu mente (Anacardium officidentale).

Sedangkan pada hamparan pantai berbatu dan berpegunungan (formasi baringtonia), dicirikan oleh jenis-jenis keben (Barringtonia asiatica); Gelidium sp, dan Sargassum sp.

Secara alamiah kelompok-kelompok vegetasi tersebut, mencermin-kan struktur fungsi dalam bentuk bercak. Berdasarkan struktur fungsi lansekapnya, di samping sebagai makanan tambahan bagi jenis-jenis ketam, penutupan vegetasi Ipomoea pescapre juga berfungsi sebagai penahan pasir pantai dari luapan pasang surut air laut.

 

Degradasi Lingkungan Pantai

Gangguan alam terhadap vegetasi pantai disebabkan oleh kombinasi antara angin dan ombak; Kerusakan oleh angin jarang terjadi sebagai penyebab utamanya. Secara biologis jenis-jenis penghuni pantai mampu menyesuaikan diri secara biologis terhadap kondisi lingkungannya.

Jenis formasi terdepan, mempunyai batang menjalar dan setiap ruas mempunyai sistem perakaran yang relatif kuat, untuk menahan laju pasang surut. Sedangkan jenis-jenis lainnya seperti ketapang mempunyai sistem percabangan simpodial, yang mampu melepaskan angin di antara susunan-susunan percabangannya; cemara laut dengan pohon menjulang tinggi dan berbatang lentur, untuk menghela tiupan angin; kelapa mempunyai bentuk batang tinggi dan relatif lentur, serta memiliki tajuk yang relatif kecil dibanding tingginya; jenis tumbuhan pandan dalam penyesuaiannya dengan sistem perakaran tunjang untuk bertahan diri.

Hempasan ombak pada musim panca roba (gelombang tinggi dan angin kencang), sering menjadi penyebab utama terdegradasinya formasi pantai. Abrasi

 

yang terus menerus menyebabkan lapisan pasir di bagian darat akan tergerus, dan akan diendapkan di lokasi lain, karena terbawa oleh arus yang kuat. Di pantai Parang Tritis (Yogjakarta), hembusan angin mampu memindahkan pasir kearah darat. Pada permulaan musim angin selatan (mejelang kemarau) sekitar bulan April, hembusan angin selatan mampu mendorong pasir hingga membentuk gunung pasir setinggi 15 meter, dan akan terdorong hingga menjadi rata kembali.

Namun demikian penambangan pasir besi pada dekade 1970-an, menjadi penyebab utama terdegradasinya formasi pantai. Di Teluk Penyu Cilacap pasir besi ditambang 75 meter dari titik pasang tertinggi menuju kearah darat hingga 100-200 meter. Kedalam tambang menyebabkan penurunan rata-rata 2,5 meter; lubang-lubang pencucian (penyaringan), bagian dasarnya ditutup dengan tanah lempung setebal satu meter, sebagai lapisan dasar tampungan air pencucian. Hasil penambangan yang diper-kirakan kemurnian pasir besi 76,2%, menyebabkan penurunan terhadap tanggul pantai.

Reklamasi tidak dilakukan, dan hingga kini tidak terlihat adanya tumbuhan yang mampu beradaptasi, hingga hamparan padang pasir pantai sepanjang 24 km (Cilacap-Slarang) dekat dengan muara sungai Serayu, kini tidak lagi bisa dimanfaatkan seperti sebelum penambangan. Menurut Sartono (1972), pada tahun 1960-an produksi kacang tanah rata-rata 2,6 ton/ha/tahun, produksi kelapa rata-rata 3.600 buah/ha/ tahun. Sedangkan pemanfaatan daun pandan pantai untuk kerajinan tikar dan topi, diperkirakan mampu menghasilkan 1.000-1.500 buah tikar.

 

Beberapa Aspek Reklamasi Pantai

Tindakan reklamasi pantai yang cukup bijaksana dan terprogram, sesuai dengan kaidah dan rambu-rambu seperti tertuang di dalam perjanjian penambangan pada setiap golongan tambang, tampaknya mampu mengembalikan peranan fungsi dan produktivitas formasi pantai.

Hamparan struktur lansekap yang terbuka akibat penambangan (pasca tambang), selain kondisi tanahnya fertil (top soil, seed bank, unsur hara, dan hilangnya vegetasi), sebagai penyebab utama tidak mampunya vegetasi untuk melakukan suksesi secara alami. Dengan tindakan reklamasi pantai pasca tambang maka hal-hal yang dapat diperoleh antara lain mencakup:

Pulih kembalinya produktivitas lahan, pesisir pantai dari ancaman semakin terdegradasinya tranah akibat penambangan;

Pulih kembalinya penutupan vegetasi pantai, akan mampu menjamin tidak rusaknya tanggul pantai dan ancaman intrusi air laut;

Dengan lingkungan hijau di pesisir pantai, akan memacu bagi setiap orang untuk berekreasi, guna menikmati pemandangan alam laut;

Terkendalinya angin oleh tetumbuhan pantai, akan mengurangi besaran ombak, karena teralihnya arus sejajar dengan pantai;

Kerusakan tanah pasir yang berkelanjutan, akan menimbulkan pema-datan dan menaikan struktur dan tektur debu, yang membahayakan terhadap perembesan air asin ke arah daratan.

Memperhatikan pentingnya tindakan reklamasi pantai, untuk itu dalam penangannya perlu memperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut:

Aspek kelembagaan; pesisir pantai dan sekitarnya secara ekologis, hendaknya dipandang sebagai satu kesatuan kawasan lansekap pesisir, yang mempunyai keterkaitan satu dengan lainnya. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, maka

 

pengelolaannya perlu direncanakan secara terpadu, dengan melibatkan stake holder baik Instansi pemerintah, swasta dan atau masyarakat.

Aspek Teknis; secara teknis penanganan reklamasi pantai harus melibatkan beberapa disiplin ilmu, karena dalam pelestarianya bukan sekedar mencakup upaya konservasi pengembalian fungsi tanah, akan tetapi lebih diarahkan untuk mengemvbalikan peranan fungsi ekosis-temnya.

Aspek IPTEK; pentingnya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam reklamasi pantai, karena erat kaitannya dengan upaya pemanfaatan secara optimal baik untuk kepentingan rekreasi pantai, pengembalian produktivitas hasil budidaya pertanian, serta peranan fungsi perlin-dungan hempasan angin dan ancaman intrusi air laut.

 

BAB V KESIMPULAN

 

Pemulihan lahan pasca tambang pada kawasan pesisir pantai, melalui tindakan reklamasi, pada dasarnya merupakan bagian dari manajemen konservasi biologi. Karena tujuan akhir yang hendak dicapai adalah memulihkan peranan fungsi pesisir pantai sepersis mungkin sebelum terjadi degradasi, baik terhadap vegetasi yang telah ada, kondisi tanah pasir yang mampu menghasilkan baik hasil budidaya pertanian dan atau fungsi dan jasa bioekologisnya, hingga mendudukan posisi reklamasi merupakan bagian dari restorasi ekologi.

Ditinjau dari segi struktur lansekap dan peranan fungsinya proses restorasi lahan pesisir pantai setelah pasca tambang, secara bertahap akan menunjukan bentuk-bentuk perubahan struktur lansekap, mulai dari hamparan matrik padang pasir pantai, bercak-bercak hasil reklamasi, dan akhirnya akan berubah secara keseluruhan menjadi matrik formasi pantai setelah 15-20 mendatang.

Suatu harapan dengan tindakan reklamasi pada setiap kegiatan pasca tambang dan sesuai dengan apa yang tersirat dalam dokumen perjajiannya, keterbengkalaian hamparan lansekap akan segera teratasi, hingga ancaman-ancaman yang membahayakan akan segera dapat diatasi secara dini.

 

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Jordan III. W. R; Michael E.G and Aber J.D; 1990. Restoration Ecology. Asynthetic Approach to ecological research. Cambridge University Press.

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Manan. Safei; 1976. Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS). Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor. Pp 134.

Melman. Dick, C.P. and Strien Arco Van J. 1993. Ditch Banks as a Conservation Focus in Intensively Exploited Peat Farmland. In Landscape Ecology od Stressed Environment. (ed) by Claire C Vos and Paul Opdam. Plubished in 1993, by Chapman and Hall, Lodon ISBN 0 412 448203

Setiadi., Yadi; 1996. Teknik Rehabilitasi Lahan Kritis. Bahan Kuliah Pelatihan dan Pembinaan Bidang Reboisasi dan Penghijauan. Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor.

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